Substance Use Disorder: Addiction Symptoms & Risk Factors

Substance Use Disorder (SUD) is a mental disorder that involves using substances, including alcohol and illicit drugs, despite harmful consequences. Health complications can worsen over time and can be life-threatening. 

While the effects of SUD can have a negative effect on a person’s life and health, recovery is possible with personalized and effective treatment plans.

The addiction counselors at Tree House Recovery in Costa Mesa, California guide each client through rehabilitation with holistic treatments, education, and evidence-based therapies.

Read on to learn more about the SUD symptoms, risk factors, and effective treatment options for a long-term recovery. 

What Is Substance Use Disorder?

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-5 defines SUD as a continued pattern of use despite impacting a person’s mental or physical health.1 A person must meet at least two of the following criteria within 12 months for a SUD diagnosis:
  • Consumes the substance in larger amounts or for an extended period than intended
  • Tries and fails to cut down or stop substance use
  • Spends a significant amount of time acquiring, using, or recovering from the effects of the substance
  • Experiences intense cravings to use the substance
  • Neglects essential school or work obligations. Or neglects family members such as parents, spouses, or family members.
  • Uses substance regardless of social and personal issues
  • Abandons major social, employment, or recreational events
  • Persistently uses, although the drug has placed a person in compromising situations
  • Continues using despite knowing it causes or worsens the physical or mental health of a user.
  • Builds a tolerance, needing more to produce the desired effect
  • Increasing the dosage or amount of substance eliminates withdrawal symptoms

How Are SUDs Diagnosed in California?

Licensed healthcare professionals in Costa Mesa and throughout Orange County diagnose SUDs based on a clinical evaluation of substance-related behaviors and medical history.2 A patient must meet the criteria for SUD defined by the DSM-5, which also specifies severity levels as mild, moderate, or severe.

SUD Severity Levels

Just like many health conditions, substance use disorder lies on a spectrum of mild, moderate, or severe.3 The DSM-5 establishes severity levels by the number of symptoms present in the SUD.

  • Mild: two to three symptoms are present
  • Moderate: four to five symptoms are present 
  • Severe: six or more symptoms are present

4 Categories of Substance Use Disorder

The DSM-5 outlines the diagnosis of SUD and groups the criteria into four categories: impaired control, social impairment, risky use, and pharmacological criteria. These four main groups involve impaired control, social impairment, risky use, and pharmacological aspects of a SUD.  These 4 categories of SUD  provide further explanation of the diagnosis  criteria.4 Impaired Control: Impaired control involves the management of substance use. This category illustrates the lack of being able to limit or stop substance use despite harmful consequences. Indicators can be:
  • Spending excessive time obtaining, using, or recovering from the substance
  • Repeated failed attempts to cut back or stop use
  • Intense cravings or obsessive thoughts about the substance
Social Impairment: Social impairment reflects the social and relational impact of substance use. Impairment may manifest as:
  • Damage to relationships
  • Decline in work or academic performance
  • Withdrawal from social, occupational, or recreational activities
Risky Use: Risky use emphasizes a SUD’s behavioral and legal impact. Life-threatening consequences can present as:
  • Being involved in multiple accidents or criminal activity
  • Medical issues worsened by the substance. For example, continuing to smoke heavy amounts of weed even though an individual has severe asthma.
Pharmacological Criteria: This category includes the physical effects of ongoing substance use and dependence:
  • Tolerance: Using more of the substance to reach the desired effect
  • Withdrawal: Physical or mental effects occur when decreasing or stopping drug use. In some cases, withdrawal symptoms can be life-threatening. Individuals should speak to a licensed medical professional for more information.

The Differences Between Substance Abuse vs. Substance Use Disorder

Substance use disorder is the official clinical and legal term defined in the DSM-5. Terms such as “substance abuse” are no longer used in the DSM-5 due to stigmatization. The term “abuse” carries a negative connotation that can discourage individuals from seeking treatment. Clinicians also commonly use the term “addiction” to describe the most severe form of SUD.5

Substance Use Disorders in California and the United States

In 2023, over 48.5 million Americans were diagnosed with SUD.6 SUD continues to rise nationwide in the past year, impacting states like California. State data reveals the prevalence of SUD and identifies the common substances being used by residents in 2018-2019.
A pie chart displaying substances abused in California including alcohol, illicit drugs, and prescription medication.

Common SUDS

SUD involves a plethora of health conditions that range from alcohol use disorder to cannabis use disorder. Understanding the specific SUD diagnosis is critical to implement an effective treatment plan. The following are the different types of drug addictions prevalent in California.

Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD)

Large amounts of alcohol consumption is the leading cause of preventable deaths in the United States.8 Alcohol use disorder can lead to severe health complications, including liver disease, heart issues, and cognitive decline. At THR in Orange County, our addiction counselors understand the physical and psychological damage of alcohol use. Our evidence-based treatments, such as Active Behavioral Integrated Therapy (ABIT) and fitness therapies, help support brain restoration and a healthier lifestyle.

Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD)

As cannabis use becomes more socially accepted, many overlook the real risks of chronic use and addiction. Approximately 3 in 10 cannabis users meet the criteria for CUD.9 If you’re struggling with weed addiction, our Southern California rehab offers a holistic treatment approach that can help. Our California addiction counselors show you healthier ways to cope with stressors with tools like EP yoga and mindfulness practices leading to a life-long recovery.

Opioid Use Disorder

Opioid use disorder continues to be a national crisis. In 2019, opioid overdoses were the cause of over 70,000 deaths, highlighting the need for solutions.10 The Orange County addiction counselors at Tree House Recovery provide person-centered treatment. Our holistic treatment approach addresses clients’ physical, mental, and emotional needs, preparing them for long-term sobriety.

Benzodiazepine Addiction

Individuals misusing benzos are at risk for developing a sedative use disorder. A benzo addiction can cause memory issues and an increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease.11 THR Costa Mesa rehab team focuses on building life skills and emotional regulation techniques, ​​helping individuals regain control and develop healthier, more sustainable lifestyles.

Stimulant Use Disorder SUD

In 2020, 758,000 were diagnosed with a prescription stimulant use disorder.12 Drugs associated with SUD, meth and cocaine, can cause harm. A cocaine or meth addiction can lead to paranoia, heart issues, and long-term brain alterations. We focus on restoring the biological and psychological effects left by a drug addiction. Our OC holistic drug programs combine therapy and wellness practices. At THR, we focus on restoring the biological and psychological effects left by a drug addiction. We support individuals to overcome stimulant use disorder and achieve lasting recovery.

Signs and Symptoms of Substance Use Disorder

SUD can affect a person’s life physically, behaviorally, and mentally. Identifying these symptoms is vital for planning an intervention and, later, a treatment strategy.

Physical Symptoms

  • Bloodshot eyes
  • Dilated pupils
  • Sudden weight loss or weight gain
  • Decline in personal hygiene
  • Pungent body odor
  • Shakiness
  • Frequent sniffling 
  • Impaired motor coordination

Behavioral Symptoms

  • Engaging in secretive and suspicious behavior
  • Involvement in criminal activity
  • Neglecting responsibilities at home, work or school
  • Exhibiting patterns of stealing or requesting money without clear reasons
  • Obsession with scoring a substance 
  • Continued substance use despite physical, mental, or legal consequences

Mental and Emotional Symptoms

  • Consistent anxiety
  • Outbursts of anger
  • Rapid mood swings
  • Periods of high energy or profound sedation

Substance Use Disorder Withdrawal: Risk and Symptoms

Some substance use withdrawals can be life-threatening. Alcohol and opioids are among the most common substances associated with potentially fatal withdrawal symptoms. Medical professionals can assist in preventing health complications during detox. Many individuals can experience different types of physical and psychological drug withdrawals depending on the substance. 

Common symptoms of SUD withdrawals may include:

  • Tremors
  • Body and muscle aches 
  • Vomiting
  • Loss of appetite or, in some cases, increased hunger (sugar cravings)
  • Profusely sweating
  • Low energy levels
  • Disrupted sleep patterns (insomnia)
  • Anxiety 
  • Agitated 
  • Depressive symptoms or mood disturbances
  • Paranoia
  • Confusion
  • Dilated pupils and heightened sensitivity to light
  • Seizures ( common symptoms  in benzodiazepine, alcohol, or severe opioid withdrawal)

Withdrawal symptoms can be physically and emotionally challenging. Without the proper support, withdrawals can increase the risk of a relapse. At Tree House Recovery, we can assist you if you are experiencing withdrawal symptoms. Our experienced OC addiction counselors provide the tools and education you need to heal from SUD withdrawals.

How Is Addiction Treated?

If you or someone you know meets the criteria for a SUD, addiction treatment in California options are available. With support and a customized treatment plan, long-term recovery is attainable. The following outlines the different stages of drug recovery and what to expect throughout the process.

Detoxification

Detoxification is the first stage when recovering from SUD. It focuses on purging the body and managing symptoms of withdrawal. There are different types of detoxes (medically supervised detox and outpatient detox) to help individuals start their recovery process. The type of detox selected depends on the severity of the SUD and drug.

Medically Supervised Detox

Medically supervised detox provides 24-hour monitoring in a clinical setting such as a hospital or addiction treatment facility near you. Choosing a detox center nearby adds the benefit of accessibility, making it easier to begin treatment. Individuals withdrawing from high-risk substances, such as alcohol, opioids, or benzodiazepines, often require this level of care.

Outpatient Detox

California medical professionals suggest outpatient detox for individuals with a mild to moderate form of SUD. This treatment allows the individual to remain home while attending scheduled clinic visits.

Outpatient detox may include:

  • Monitoring of vital signs
  • Group counseling
  • Peer recovery support

Inpatient or Residential Treatment

Inpatient or residential treatment provides 24/7 care in a structured, non-institutional setting. Individuals live on-site at a licensed facility while receiving professional support. Orange County addiction specialists recommend this level of addiction treatment for those with a moderate to severe form of SUD. 

Available treatment options may involve:

  • Family counseling
  • Peer support groups
  • Life skills training

Partial Hospitalization (PHP)

Partial Hospitalization Programs (PHPs) offer intensive treatment for individuals who require structured care but do not need 24-hour supervision. California substance abuse counselors often suggest these programs for individuals transitioning from inpatient care. PHPs serve individuals needing intensive support while living at home or in sober housing. PHPs are usually six or more hours daily, five to seven days weekly.

Services may include:

  • Individual therapy
  • Group therapy
  • Addiction education
  • Holistic therapies (fitness, yoga, writing)
  • Recreational therapy

Intensive Outpatient (IOP)

Intensive Outpatient Programs (IOPs) provide structured care for individuals who need ongoing treatment while managing daily obligations. IOPs typically are 12 weeks, with participants attending 9 hours per week. Providers can offer daytime and evening IOPs.

Treatments may consist of:

  • Individual and group counseling
  • Life skills training
  • Fitness-based therapy
  • Mindfulness-based therapy

IOPs can serve as an introduction or relapse prevention resource for those still considering their treatment options.

Find Substance Use Disorder Treatment Near You

If you or your loved one is recovering from a SUD, Tree House Recovery in Costa Mesa is here to help. Our Southern California rehab offers holistic, evidence-based treatments for those struggling with a SUD. 


Our Orange County addiction counselors provide the support and education to help people recover from a drug addiction.

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  2. National Institute of Mental Health. Substance Use and Mental Health.  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/substance-use-and-mental-health#part_2423. Accessed April 30, 2025.
  3. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Impact of the DSM-IV to DSM-5 Changes on the National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US); 2016. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519702/. Accessed April 30, 2025.
  4. Craig CD. Substance Use Disorder and the DSM-5. Presented to: Joint Labor, Health, and Social Services and Joint Revenue Interim Committees; 2020 Nov 5. https://wyoleg.gov/InterimCommittee/2020/10-20201105Handoutfor6JtMHSACraig11.4.20.pdf. Accessed April 30, 2025.
  5. University of Florida Department of Psychiatry. Substance Use Disorders vs. Substance Abuse and Dependence: DSM-5 Changes. https://addiction-certificate.psychiatry.ufl.edu/about-the-program/articles/substance-use-disorders-vs-substance-abuse-and-dependence-dsm-5-changes/#:~:text=DSM%2D5%20changes-,Overview,Severity%20is%20characterized%20as%20follows. Accessed April 30, 2025.
  6. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 2023 NSDUH Main Highlights. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH%202023%20Annual%20Release/2023-nsduh-main-highlights.pdf. Accessed April 30, 2025.
  7. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Alcohol. https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/alcohol. Accessed April 30, 2025.
  8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Alcohol Use and Your Health. https://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/facts-stats/index.html#:~:text=Excessive%20alcohol%20use%20is%20a,from%20excessive%20drinking%20each%20year. Accessed April 30, 2025.
  9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cannabis Use Disorder. https://www.cdc.gov/cannabis/health-effects/cannabis-use-disorder.html. Accessed April 30, 2025.
  10. National Center for Health Statistics. Drug Overdose Deaths in the United States, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/nchs_press_releases/2022/202205.htm. Accessed April 30, 2025.
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